The relationship between the van 't Hoff factor and the degree of dissociation

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Following Wikipedia's van 't Hoff factor discussion, the van 't Hoff factor can be computed from the degree of ionization as follows:

i = αn + (1 − α)

where α is the degree of dissociation and n equals the number of ions formed from one formula unit of the substance. The formula above is often rearranged as follows:

i = 1 + α(n − 1)

The form just above is what I will use in the solutions below.


Example #1: What is the expected van 't Hoff factor for a substance (such as glucose) that does not ionize at all in solution.

Solution:

α = 0
n = 1

i = 1 + 0(1 − 1)

i = 1


Example #2: What is the expected van 't Hoff factor for a substance (such as NaCl) that ionizes into two ions per formula unit.

α = 1
n = 2

i = 1 + 1(2 − 1)

i = 2


Example #3: What is the osmotic pressure of a 0.30 M solution of MgSO4 if the MgSO4 is 80% dissociated at 20.0 °C?

Solution #1:

1) Calculate the van 't Hoff factor from the degree of dissociation:

α = 0.80
n = 2

i = 1 + 0.80(2 − 1)

i = 1.80

2) Solve for the osmotic pressure:

π = iMRT

π = (1.80) (0.30 mol/L) (0.08206 L-atm/mol-K) (293 K)

π = 12.98 atm

to two sig figs, 13 atm

Solution #2:

1) Magnesium sulfate ionizes as follows:

MgSO4 ---> Mg2+ + SO42-

2) Determine the concentration of all particles in solution:

For 80% ionization, [Mg2+] = (0.30 M) (0.8) = 0.24 = [SO42-]
[MgSO4] unionized = 0.3 M x 0.2 = 0.06 M
Total concentration of all species = 0.24 + 0.24 + 0.06 = 0.54 M

3) Solve for the osmotic pressure:

π = MRT = (0.54 mol/L) (0.08206 L-atm/mol-K) (293 K)

Note the lack of an explicit van 't Hoff factor. It is implicit in the development of the 0.54 M value.

π = 12.98 atm

to two sig figs, 13 atm


Example #4: 2.00 mols of Ba(ClO4)2 were placed in 1.00 L of solution at 45.0 °C. 15% of the salt was dissociated at equilibrium. Calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution.

Solution #1:

1) Calculate the van 't Hoff factor from the degree of dissociation:

α = 0.15
n = 3

i = 1 + 0.15(3 − 1)

i = 1.30

2) Solve for the osmotic pressure:

π = iMRT

π= (1.30) (2.00 mol/L) (0.08206 L-atm/mol-K) (318 K)

π = 67.85 atm

to three sig figs, 67.8 atm

Solution #2:

Ba(ClO4)2 ---> Ba2+ + 2ClO4¯

[Ba2+] = (2 M) (1 x 0.15) = 0.3 M
[ClO4¯] = (2 M) (2 x 0.15) = 0.6 M

[Ba(ClO4)2] = (2 M) (0.85) = 1.7 M (this is the undissociated Ba(ClO4)2

Total molarity of all ions and undissociated salt = 1.7 M + 0.3 M + 0.6 M = 2.6 M

π = MRT

π = (2.6) (0.08206) (318)

π = 67.8 atm


Example #5: Find the osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution of BaCl2 at 288 K containing 0.390 g per 60.0 mL of solution. The salt is 60.0% dissociated.

Solution:

1) Calculate the van 't Hoff factor from the degree of dissociation:

Method One:
α = 0.60
n = 3

i = 1 + 0.60(3 − 1)

i = 2.20

Method Two:

In solution, we have this situation:

40.0% --> that's the undissociated BaCl2, call it 1 unit . . .
60.0% --> that's 1 Ba + 2 Cl, call it 3 units . . .

Therefore:

i = (0.400 x 1) + (0.600 x 3) = 2.20

2) Calculate the molarity of the barium chloride solution:

MV = mass / molar mass

(x) (0.0600 L) = 0.390 g / 208.236 g/mol

x = 0.0312146 M (keep some guard digits)

3) Solve for the osmotic pressure:

π = iMRT

π = (2.20) (0.0312146 mol/L) (0.08206 L-atm/mol-K) (318 K)

π = 1.623 atm

to three sig figs, 1.62 atm


Example #6: 3.58 g of NaCl was dissolved in 120.0 mL of solution at 77.0 °C. The osmotic pressure is 26.31 atm. Calculate the degree of dissociation of NaCl.

Solution #1:

1) Calculate the molarity of the NaCl:

MV = mass / molar mass

(x) (0.1200 L) = 3.58 g / 58.443 g/mol

x = 0.510469 M

2) Calculate the van 't Hoff factor:

26.31 atm = (i) (0.510469 mol/L) (0.08206 L atm / mol K) (350 K)

i = 1.7945

3) Use the van 't Hoff factor to determine the percent dissociation:

α = x
n = 2

1.7945 = 1 + x(2 − 1)

x = 0.7945 = 79.45% dissociated

Solution #2:

1) Calculate the molarity of all particles in solution:

NaCl(aq) ---> Na+ + Cl¯

When 'x' amount of NaCl ionizes, the [NaCl] goes down by 'x' and both [Na+] and [Cl¯] go up by 'x.' Therefore, when all dissociation at equilibrium, we have this in solution:

[NaCl] = 0.510469 − x
[Na+] = x
[Cl¯] = x

and the total molarity of everything is solution is this:

0.510469 − x + x + x = 0.510469 + x

2) Let us solve for x:

26.31 = (0.510469 + x) (0.08206) (350)

26.31 = 14.6612 + 28.721x

x = 0.405585 M <--- this is the concentration of the NaCl that ionized

3) Calculate the percent dissociation:

0.405585 M / 0.510469 M = 0.7945 = 79.45%

Example #7: CCl3COOH is partially dissociated in water according to the equation

CCl3COOH ⇌ H+ + CCl3COO¯

What is the percentage of molecules dissociated if the freezing point of a 1.00 m solution of CCl3COOH in water is −2.53 °C?

Solution:

1) Calculate the van 't Hoff factor:

Δt = i Kf m

2.53 °C = (i) (1.86 °C/m) (1.00 m)

i = 2.53 / [(1.00)(1.86)]

i = 1.383

2) Correct calculation of the percent dissociation:

i = 1 + α(n − 1)

α = x
n = 2

1.383 = 1 + x(2 − 1)

1.383 = 1 + x

x = 0.383 = 38.3% dissociated

3) Incorrect calculation of the percent dissociation:

If CCl3COOH dissociated 100%, the value of i would be 2. If it didn't dissociate at all, the value of i would be 1 (a non-electrolyte), and if it dissociates 50% i = 1.5.

50% / 1.5 = x / 1.383

46.1% dissociated


Example #8: A solution is made by dissolving 0.0200 mol of HF in 1.00 kg of water. The solution was found to freeze at −0.0443 degrees Celsius. (a) Calculate the percent dissociation of HF in this solution. (b) Calculate the van 't Hoff factor.

Solution #1:

1) HF ionizes as follows:

HF(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + F¯(aq)

2) Determine van 't Hoff factor:

Δt = i Kf m

0.0443 °C = (i) (1.86 °C/m) (0.0200 m)

i = 1.19086 (keep a couple guard digits)

3) Calculation of the percent dissociation:

i = 1 + α(n − 1)

α = x
n = 2

1.19086 = 1 + x(2 − 1)

1.19086 = 1 + x

x = 0.19086 = 19.1% dissociated

Solution #2:

1) Determine total molality of the solution

molality H+ = x
molality F¯ = x
molality HF = 0.0200 − x

(0.0200 − x) + x + x = 0.0200 + x

2) Determine total molality of the solution that has a Δt of 0.0443 °C

Δt = i Kf m

0.0443 °C = (i) (1.86 °C/m) (m)

im = 0.0238172 m

3) Set results equal to each other:

0.0238172 = 0.0200 + x

x = 0.0038172 mole have dissociated

4) Calculate percent dissociation:

(0.0038172 / 0.0200) * 100 = 19.1%

3) Calculation of the van 't Hoff factor:

i = 1 + α(n − 1)

α = 0.19086
n = 2

i = 1 + (0.19086) (2 − 1)

i = 1 + 0.19086

i = 1.19086 = 1.19


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