Example #1: The boiling point of an aqueous solution is 101.21 °C. What is the freezing point?
Solution:
1) Determine the molality of the solution:
Δt = i Kb m1.21 °C = (1) (0.52 °C kg mol¯1) (x)
x = 2.326923 m
2) Determine the freezing point depression with the above molality:
Δt = i Kf my = (1) (1.86 °C kg mol¯1) (2.326923 mol/kg)
y = 4.33 °C
The freezing point of this solution is −4.33 °C.
Note that I assumed the solute was a non-electrolyte, producing a van 't Hoff factor of 1. I could have used any factor value I wanted. The bp factor winds up in the denominator and the fp factor is used in the numerator. They cancel out.
Example #2: An aqueous solution of an unknown solute freezes at −3.55 °. At what temperature would you expect it to boil?
Solution:
1) We must determine the molality of the solution:
Δt = i Kf m3.55 °C = (1) (1.86 °C kg mol¯1) (x)
x = 1.9086 m
2) Determine the boiling point elevation with the above molality:
Δt = i Kb my = (1) (0.52 °C kg mol¯1) (1.9086 mol/kg)
y = 0.99 °C
The boiling point of this solution is 100.99 °C.
Example #3: Calculate the freezing point and boiling point of a solution containing 12.8 g of naphthalene (C10H8) in 104.0 mL of benzene. Benzene has a density of 0.877 g/cm3.
Solution:
1) Moles of naphthalene and mass of benzene:
12.8 g / 128.1732 g/mol = 0.099865 mol(104.0 mL) (0.877 g/cm3) = 91.208 g
Note that 1 mL = 1 cm3, so they cancel.
2) Freezing point calculation:
Δt = i Kf mx = (1) (5.12 °C kg mol¯1) (0.099865 mol / 0.091208 kg)
x = 5.6 °C
Pure benzene freezes at 5.5 °C. Our solution freezes at −0.1 °C. (My personal opinion is that the question writer (not the ChemTeam) probably wanted 0.0 to be the answer.)
3) Boiling point calculation:
Δt = i Kb mΔt = (1) (2.53 °C kg mol¯1) (0.099865 mol / 0.091208 kg)
Δt = 2.8 °C
The boiling point of pure benzene is 80.1 °C, so the solution boils at 82.9 °C.
Example #4: Calculate the freezing point and the boiling point of a solution that contains 15.0 grams of urea (CH4N2O) in 250. grams of water. Urea is a covalently bounded compound.
Solution:
1) Moles of urea:
15.0 g / 60.06 g/mol = 0.24975 mol
2) Freezing point calculation:
Δt = i Kf mx = (1) (1.86 °C kg mol¯1) (0.24975 mol / 0.250 kg)
x = 1.86 °C
The freezing point is −1.86 °C
3) Boiling point calculation:
Δt = i Kb mx = (1) (0.52 °C kg mol¯1) (0.24975 mol / 0.250 kg)
x = 0.52 °C
The boiling point is 100.52 °C
Example #5: A solution is 30.5%(w/w) of antifreeze (C2H6O2) in water. For this solution:
(a) calculate the freezing point depression and the freezing point
(b) calculate the boiling point elevation and the boiling point.
Solution:
1) Moles of antifreeze:
30.5%(w/w) means 30.5 g of C2H6O2 in 100 g of solution30.5 g / 62.0674 = 0.4914 mol
2) FP depression:
x = (1) (1.86 °C kg mol¯1) (0.4914 mol / 0.0695 kg)x = 13 °C (leading to a freezing point of −13 °C)
The mass of water came from 100 g − 30.5 g = 69.5 g = 0.0695 kg
3) BP elevation:
x = (1) (0.52 °C kg mol¯1) (0.4914 mol / 0.0695 kg)x = 3.68 °C (leading to a boiling point of 103.68 °C)
Note: the substance is a molecular in nature (not ionic), leading to a van 't Hoff factor of 1.
Example #6: What is the approximate osmotic pressure of a 0.118 m solution of LiCl at 10.0 °C? The freezing point of this solution is −0.415 °C.
Solution:
1) Use the freezing point data to determine the van 't Hoff factor:
0.415 = (i) (1.86) (0.118)i = 1.89
2) Determine the approximate osmotic pressure:
π = (1.89) (0.118) (0.08206) (283)π = 5.18 atm
Note: the answer is approximate because we assume a density of 1.00 g/mL for the solution. This allowed the 0.118 molal solution to be treated as 0.118 molar. A density of 1.00 g/mL is a reasonable one, but the assumption does result in the answer being labeled approximate.
Example #7: At 286 K, the osmotic pressure of a glucose solution is 9.97 atm. What is the freezing point depression (given the density of the solution is 1.12 g/mL)?
Solution:
1) Determine the molarity of the solution:
9.97 atm = (1) (M) (0.08206 L atm/mol K) (286 K)M = 0.4248128 mol/L
2) Convert molarity to molality:
Assume 1.00 L of the solution is present.1000 mL times 1.12 g/mL = 1120 g <--- mass of the 1.00 L of solution
The solution contains 0.4248128 mol of glucose
0.4248128 mol times 180.16 g/mol = 76.5343 g
1120 g − 76.5343 g = 1043.466 g <--- mass of the water in the 1.00 L of solution
0.4248128 mol / 1.043466 kg = 0.407117 molal
3) Determine the freezing point depression:
Δt = (1) (1.86) (0.407117)Δt = 0.76 °C
Example #8: What are the normal freezing points and boiling points of 21.2 g of CaCl2 in water?
Solution:
The key lies in the word normal. The normal boiling point of water is 100 °C and the normal freezing point of water is 0 °C. A solution has a boiling point and a melting point different from the normal values, but the normal values themselves remain at 0 and 100.Is this a trick question? Remember, any question that you do not know the answer to is a trick question.
Example #9: An aqueous solution of KI has a freezing point of −1.95 °C and an osmotic pressure of 25.0 atm at 25.0 °C. Assuming that the KI completely dissociates in water, what is the density of the solution?
Solution:
1) Solve for the molality:
Δt = i Kf m1.95 °C = (2) (1.86 °C/m) (x)
x = 0.52419 m
2) Solve for the molarity:
π = i M R T25.0 atm = (2) (y) (0.08206 L atm / mol K) (298 K)
y = 0.511166 M
3) 1.000 L of the solution contains 0.511166 moles of KI and is 0.52419 m. Solve for the mass of water:
0.52419 molal = 0.511166 moles / zz = 0.975154 kg = 975.154 g
4) Solve for the mass of KI:
0.511166 mol times 165.998 g/mol = 84.8525 g
5) Compute the density:
975.154 g + 84.8525 g = 1060.0065 g (this is the mass of 1.000 L of solution)1060.0065 g / 1000. mL = 1.060 g/mL
Example #10: An aqueous solution of urea had a freezing point of −0.46 °C. Predict the osmotic pressure of the same solution at 12 °C. Assume that the molar concentration and the molality are numerically equal.
Solution:
1) Determine the molality:
Δt = i Kf m0.46 °C = (1) (1.86 °C/m) (x)
x = 0.2473 molal <--- I'll carry some extra digits
2) Determine the osmotic pressure:
π = iMRTπ = (1) (0.2473 mol/L) (0.08206 L atm / mol K) (285 K) = 5.8 atm
π = 5.8 atm
Bonus Example: How many grams of sucrose should be added to 500.0 grams of water so that the difference in freezing point and boiling point is 105.0 °C
Solution:
Δt1 = i Kf m
Δt2 = i Kb mThe sum of Δt1 and Δt2 is 5.0 °C.
The van 't Hoff factor of sucrose is 1.
The molality is x / 0.5Δt1 + Δt2 = (Kf m) + (Kb m)
5 = (Kf m) + (Kb m)
5 = (1.86 * (x / 0.5)) + (0.52 * (x / 0.5))
5 = 3.72x + 1.04x
4.76x = 5
x = 1.05 mol
1.05 mol times 342.2948 g/mol = 360. g